Perus State Vicunas Perus Animal Llama Funny

Wild South American camelid

Vicuña
Vicuña in the Atacama Desert
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.ane)[1]
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[2] [note 1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Lodge:	Artiodactyla
Family:	Camelidae
Genus:	Lama
Species:	50. vicugna
Binomial proper noun
Lama vicugna (Molina, 1782)
Vicuña range
Synonyms
Vicugna vicugna Molina, 1782 Lama gracilis? Gervais & Ameghino, 1881

The vicuña (Lama vicugna) or vicuna ^[3] (both , very rarely spelled vicugna, its former genus proper name)^{[iv] [5]} is 1 of the two wild S American camelids, which live in the high alpine areas of the Andes, the other being the guanaco, which lives at lower elevations. Vicuñas are relatives of the llama, and are now believed to be the wild ancestor of domesticated alpacas, which are raised for their coats. Vicuñas produce small amounts of extremely fine wool, which is very expensive considering the fauna can just be shorn every three years and has to be caught from the wild. When knitted together, the production of the vicuña'south wool is very soft and warm. The Inca valued vicuñas highly for their wool, and information technology was against the law for anyone but royalty to wear vicuña garments; today, the vicuña is the national animal of Peru and appears on the Peruvian glaze of arms.^[half-dozen]

Both under the rule of the Inca and today, vicuñas accept been protected by law, but they were heavily hunted in the intervening menses. At the fourth dimension they were declared endangered in 1974, only about 6,000 animals were left. Today, the vicuña population has recovered to well-nigh 350,000,^[1] and although conservation organizations take reduced its level of threat classification, they nonetheless call for active conservation programs to protect populations from poaching, habitat loss, and other threats.

Previously the vicuña was thought not to have been domesticated, and the llama and the alpaca were both regarded as descendants of the closely related guanaco. Just Dna research published in 2001 has shown the alpaca may well have vicuña parentage.^[7] Today, the vicuña is mainly wild, but the local people still perform special rituals with these creatures, including a fertility rite.^{[ citation needed ]}

Description [edit]

The vicuña is considered more than delicate and gracile than the guanaco, and smaller. A key distinguishing chemical element of morphology is the better-developed incisor roots for the guanaco.^[8] The vicuña'southward long, woolly glaze is tawny brown on the dorsum, whereas the hair on the pharynx and breast is white and quite long. The head is slightly shorter than the guanaco'southward and the ears are slightly longer. The length of head and trunk ranges from 1.45 to 1.60 1000 (nearly 5 ft); shoulder height is from 75 to 85 cm (around three ft); its weight is from 35 to 65 kg (nether 150 lb). It falls prey to the puma and culpeo.^{[ citation needed ]}

Taxonomy and evolution [edit]

At that place are 2 subspecies of vicuña:

• Lama vicugna vicugna
• Lama vicugna mensalis

While vicuñas are restricted to the more extreme elevations of the Andes in modern times, they may have also been present in the lowland regions of Patagonia every bit much as 3500 km south of their current range during the Tardily Pleistocene and Early Holocene. Fossils of these lowland camelids take been assigned to a species known as Lama gracilis, but genetic and morphological assay between them and mod vicuña bespeak the two may exist the same.^[9]

Distribution and habitat [edit]

Vicuñas are native to the central Andes in S America. They are establish in Peru, northwestern Argentine republic, Bolivia, and northern Chile. A smaller, introduced population lives in central Ecuador.^[1]

Vicuñas alive at altitudes of 3,200 to 4,800 m (x,500–15,700 ft).^[1] They feed in daytime on the grassy plains of the Andes Mountains, merely spend the nights on the slopes. In these areas, only food-poor, tough, bunch grasses and Festuca abound. The sun's rays are able to penetrate the thin temper, producing relatively warm temperatures during the day; still, the temperatures drop to freezing at night. The vicuña's thick but soft glaze is a special accommodation which traps layers of warm air close to its torso, and so it can tolerate freezing temperatures.^{[ citation needed ]}

Chief predators include pumas and the Andean wild dog.^{[ citation needed ]}

Beliefs [edit]

Herd of vicuñas nigh Arequipa, Peru

The beliefs of vicuñas is similar to that of the guanacos. They are very shy animals, and are easily aroused by intruders, due, among other things, to their extraordinary hearing. Like the guanacos, they ofttimes lick calcareous stones and rocks, which are rich in salt, and also drink salt water.^[x] Their diets consist mainly of low grasses which grow in clumps on the ground.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Vicuñas live in family unit-based groups made upwardly of a male, five to fifteen females, and their young. Each grouping has its own territory of about eighteen km², which tin fluctuate depending on the availability of food.^{[ citation needed ]}

Mating usually occurs in March–April, and later on a gestation period of about 11 months, the female gives nascency to a single fawn, which is nursed for about 10 months. The fawn becomes contained at about 12 to xviii months old. Young males form bachelor groups and the young females search for a sorority to join. This deters intraspecific competition and inbreeding.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Conservation [edit]

Parties to the 1979 Vicuña Convention

From the catamenia of Spanish conquest to 1964, hunting of the vicuña was unrestricted, which reduced its numbers to just 6,000 in the 1960s. Every bit a event, the species was declared endangered in 1974, and its status prohibited the trade of vicuña wool. In Peru, during 1964–1966, the Servicio Forestal y de Caza in cooperation with the Us Peace Corps, Nature Conservancy, World Wildlife Fund, and the National Agrarian University of La Molina established a nature conservatory for the vicuña called the Pampa Galeras – Barbara D'Achille in Lucanas Province, Ayacucho. During that fourth dimension, a game warden academy was held in Nazca, where eight men from Peru and half dozen from Bolivia were trained to protect the vicuña from poaching.^{[ citation needed ]}

To cooperate on the conservation of the vicuña, the governments of Republic of bolivia and Peru signed the Convention for the Conservation of the Vicuña on 16 August 1969 in La Paz, explicitly leaving the treaty open up to accession by Argentine republic and Chile.^[11] Ecuador acceded on 11 Feb 1976.^[11] The Convention prohibited international trade in the vicuña, domestic exploitation of the vicuña, and ordered the parties to create reserves and breeding centres.^[12] A follow-up treaty, the Convention for the Conservation and Management of the Vicuña, was signed between Bolivia, Republic of chile, Republic of ecuador and Peru on 20 Dec 1979 in Lima.^{[12] [thirteen]} It explicitly allowed only Argentine republic to sign it if it also signed the 1969 La Paz Convention (Article 12;^[13] Argentina joined in 1981^[12]), and did not allow other countries to accede to the convention 'due to its specific graphic symbol' (Article xiii).^[thirteen] The 1979 Convention did permit the use of the vicuña under strict circumstances if the brute population had recovered sufficiently.^[12] In combination with CITES (effective in 1975), every bit well as United states and Eu trade legislation, the Conventions were extremely successful, every bit the vicuña population substantially grew as a consequence.^[12]

The estimated population in Republic of peru increased from 6,000 to 75,000^{[ when? ]} with protection by game wardens.^{[ citation needed ]} Currently,^{[ when? ]} the customs of Lucanas conducts a chaccu (herding, capturing, and shearing) on the reserve each year to harvest the wool, organized by the National Council for South American Camelids (CONACS).^{[ citation needed ]}

In Bolivia, the Ulla Ulla National Reserve was founded in 1977 partly as a sanctuary for the species.^{[ citation needed ]} Their numbers grew to 125,000^{[ when? ]} in Peru, Chile, Argentina, and Republic of bolivia.^{[ citation needed ]} Since this was a ready "cash crop" for community members, the countries relaxed regulations on vicuña wool in 1993, enabling its trade once again.^{[ citation needed ]} The wool is sold^{[ when? ]} on the globe market for over $300 per kg, to assistance back up the community.^{[ citation needed ]} In 2002, the US Fish and Wildlife Service reclassified about populations every bit threatened, just still lists Ecuador's population equally endangered.^[14] While the population levels take recovered to a healthy level,^{[ when? ]} poaching remains a constant threat, equally practise habitat loss and other threats.^{[ citation needed ]} Consequently, the IUCN yet supports active conservation programs to protect vicuñas, though they lowered their status to least concern in 2018.^[1]

Vicuña wool [edit]

The wool is popular due to its warmth, and is used for dress such as socks, sweaters, accessories, shawls, coats, and suits, and domicile effects such equally blankets and throws. Its backdrop come up from the tiny scales on the hollow, air-filled fibres. It causes them to interlock and trap insulating air. Vicuñas have some of the finest fibers in the world, at a diameter of 12 μm. The fiber of cashmere goats is 14 to nineteen μm, while angora rabbit is 8 to 12 μm and that of shahtoosh from the Tibetan antelope, or chiru, is from ix to 12 μm.^[15] Since it is sensitive to chemical treatment, the wool is ordinarily left in its natural color.^{[ citation needed ]}

The vicuña only produces virtually 0.5 kg (1 lb) of wool a year, and gathering it requires a sure procedure. During the time of the Incas, vicuña wool was gathered by means of communal efforts called chacu, in which multitudes of people herded hundreds of thousands of vicuña into previously laid funnel traps. The animals were shorn then released; this was only done in one case every four years. The vicuña was believed to be the reincarnation of a beautiful young maiden who received a glaze of pure gold once she consented to the advances of an erstwhile, ugly king.^{[ citation needed ]} Because of this, information technology was against the police for anyone to impale a vicuña or vesture its fleece, except for Inca royalty.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Now, the Peruvian government has a labeling arrangement that identifies all garments that have been created through a government-sanctioned chacu. This guarantees that the beast was captured, shorn alive, returned to the wild, and cannot be shorn once again for another two years. The plan also ensures that a big portion of the profits return to the villagers. However, annually, up to 22,500 kg of vicuña wool are exported as a outcome of illegal activities. Because of this, some countries have banned the importation of the wool to salve the creature. At that place is a express merely growing tendency to commercially produce wool from vicuñas in captivity, with growing herds in the Chilean Andes. Biologist Cristian Bonacic has expressed his concern nearly the possibility of habitat damage and the transmission of disease in the farms.^[sixteen]

As of June 2007, prices for vicuña fabrics can range from U.s.a.$1,800 to US$3,000 per yard. A vicuña wool scarf costs around US$ane,500. A vicuña sport coat from the Italian tailoring house Kiton toll at least The states$21,000 in 2013.^[17]

Gallery [edit]

• 

• 

  Comparing of alpaca, llama, and vicuña (1914)

• 

  A vicuña on rocky terrain (2008)

• 

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} Acebes, P.; Wheeler, J.; Baldo, J.; Tuppia, P.; Lichtenstein, 1000.; Hoces, D.; Franklin, Due west.L. (2019) [errata version of 2018 assessment]. "Vicugna vicugna". IUCN Cherry-red List of Threatened Species. 2018: due east.T22956A145360542. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22956A145360542.en . Retrieved 15 February 2020.
2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org . Retrieved 14 Jan 2022.
3. ^ The spelling vicuña is not fifty-fifty mentioned in some dictionaries, for example the Macmillan Dictionary
4. ^ The spelling vicugna is so rare in English that it is not even mentioned in the Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia or whatsoever major dictionary, including the American Heritage Dictionary, Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Oxford Living Dictionaries, Random House Dictionary, Collins English Dictionary, and Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
5. ^ Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.Thou., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the Earth: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins Academy Printing. ISBN978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
6. ^ Ley del 25 de febrero, Art. 1
7. ^ Wheeler, Dr Jane; Kadwell, Miranda; Fernandez, Matilde; Stanley, Helen F.; Baldi, Ricardo; Rosadio, Raul; Bruford, Michael W. (Dec 2001). "Genetic analysis reveals the wild ancestors of the llama and the alpaca". Proceedings of the Imperial Society B: Biological Sciences. 268 (1485): 2575–2584. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1774. PMC1088918. PMID 11749713. 0962-8452 (Paper), 1471-2954 (Online).
8. ^ Hogan, C. Michael (7 December 2008). Strömberg, N. (ed.). "Guanaco: Lama guanicoe". GlobalTwitcher.com. GlobalTwitcher. Archived from the original on 4 March 2011.
9. ^ Weinstock, J. (2009). "The Late Pleistocene distribution of vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna) and the "extinction" of the gracile llama ("Lama gracilis"): New molecular data". Quaternary Science Reviews. 28 (fifteen–sixteen): 1369–1373. Bibcode:2009QSRv...28.1369W. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.03.008.
10. ^ Schuhmacher, Eugen (one January 1968). The last of the wild: on the rail of rare animals. Collins. p. 304.
11. ^ ^{a b} Convenio para la Conservación de la Vicuña (Wikisource). Source: Registro Oficial N° 144 de 4 de agosto de 1976 (Official Gazette of the Government of Ecuador no. #144, 4 Baronial 1976).
12. ^ ^{a b c d e} McNeill, Desmond; Lichtenstein, Gabriela; Renaudeau d' Arc, Nadine (23 Oct 2008). "Chapter six: International Policies and National Legislation Concernign Vicuña Conservation and Exploitation". The Vicuña: The Theory and Practise of Customs Based Wildlife Management. p. 63–64. ISBN9780387094755 . Retrieved 15 February 2022.
13. ^ ^{a b c} "Convenio para la Conservación y Manejo de la Vicuña" (PDF). conveniovicuna.org (in Spanish). Convenio de la Vicuña. twenty December 1979. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
14. ^ "Species Profile: Vicuna (Vicugna vicugna)". U.Due south. Fish and Wildlife Service. Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved four January 2009.
15. ^ Roberson, Mary-Russell (Jan–February 2008). "Discovering South America'south Camels". Smithsonian Zoogoer. National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA: Friends of the National Zoo. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
16. ^ Bonacic, Cristian; Gimpel, Jessica (1 Jan 2003). Lemons, John; Victor, Reginald; Schaffer, Daniel (eds.). Sustainable Utilize of the Vicuña: A Critical Analysis and the MACS Projection. Springer United states. p. 348. doi:10.1007/978-one-4615-0375-0_24. ISBN978-ane-4613-5045-3.
17. ^ Coggins, David (twenty September 2013). "Why Does a Vicuña Jacket Toll $21,000?". The Wall Street Periodical.

Notes [edit]

1. ^ Except populations of Argentina (populations of provinces of Jujuy, Salta, and Catamarca and semi-captive populations of provinces of Jujuy, Salta, Catamarca, La Rioja, and San Juan), Chile (populations of the region of Tarapacá and of the region of Arica and Parinacota), Ecuador (whole population), Republic of peru (whole population), and the Plurinational State of Bolivia (whole population), which are included in Appendix II.

External links [edit]

• Viva Vicuña, documentary film about Vicuñas in the Andes. Low-cal & Shadow.
• "The Vicuna: the precious treasure of the Andes". Alpaca Fiber News. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009.
• Bayly Letts, Andres; Pasquel Rodríguez, Enrique (Summer 2006). "Privaticemos las vicuñas: Cómo Eliminar el Peligro de Extinción y Aprovechar su Potencial Económico" [Privatize the vicunas: How to Eliminate the Danger of Extinction and Have Advantage of its Economic Potential] (PDF). Revista de Economía y Derecho (in Spanish). 3 (9): 69–eighty. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2009.
• "Las vicuñas repoblaron a los paramos de Chimborazo". El Comercio, Republic of ecuador.
• Convention for the Conservation of the Vicuña (La Paz 1969, including the 1976 Ecuadorian accession) – Spanish Wikisource
• Convention for the Conservation and Management of the Vicuña (Lima 1979) – Spanish Wikisource
• Convention for the Conservation and Management of the Vicuña (Lima 1979) – Original scan at Conveniovicuna.org

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a

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